Researchers: Five ignored factors affect outcomes for poor children. Paper argues that child-rearing style, single parenthood, shift work, lack of health care and lead pull down scores.

Dante Washington is shown in shadow of his old, semi-blighted neighborhood in East Baltimore, during July 2014. He defied the statistics of a 25-year-long research project that was turned into a book “The Long Shadow,” which centers on children growing up in poverty -stricken areas of the city. (Linda Davidson/The Washington Post)