Author: Steve Hansch

Foreclosures of American Farms Increase

Farm bankruptcies in the United States increased during the last year, with Chapter 12 filings rising 46% to 315, up from 216 in 2024.   Regional Hotspots: The Midwest and Southeast accounted for over two-thirds of all filings, with states like Arkansas, Montana, and Pennsylvania seeing especially large jumps (e.g., Montana up 200%, Pennsylvania up 160%).

American farmers are taking on larger operating loans with longer repayment terms, and total farm debt is projected to reach a record $624.7 billion in 2026. Interest expenses are also at decade-high levels, further straining operations.  Farm-specific foreclosures are part of a broader trend of financial distress in rural America.

The main factors include depressed commodity prices, high input costs, rising interest rates, and reduced government support. The outdated Farm Bill and stalled ad hoc assistance have exacerbated the situation.  Analysts expect farm foreclosures and bankruptcies to remain elevated, especially if commodity prices stay low and borrowing costs remain high. Some farmers are already selling land or equipment to shore up working capital.

Broader U.S. foreclosure activity (all property types) increased 14% overall in 2025, reflecting rising financial stress across the economy. Farm foreclosures are a subset of this trend — and notably, the surge in operating loans, record debt loads, and declining repayment capacity signal that formal farm foreclosures are likely to accelerate through 2026.

Net farm income is $48 billion (24%) below 2022 record highs.  Total farm debt projected at $624.7 billion in 2026 — an all-time record high.  160,000+ farms have closed since 2017; bankruptcy stats undercount the full scope of losses

During the Great Depression, the number of farms reached its historic peak of 6.8 million in 1935 after many unemployed city dwellers moved back to rural areas to engage in subsistence farming to survive the economic crisis.  After World War II, technological advances and mechanization allowed farmers to manager large plots of land.  As farm ownerships were consolidated into ever-larger operations, the number of individual farms plummeted from over 6 million in 1940 to approximately 2.3 million by 1974 and 2 million in the 2020s.

In the current economy, in 2026, per-acre losses are severe across major crop categories:

  • Rice: Losses exceeding $200/acre even after federal assistance
  • Corn, soybeans, wheat: Accumulated losses of ~$44 billion projected over 2025–26
  • Milk: Receipts forecast to fall $6.2 billion (–12.8%)
  • Eggs: Receipts down $17.3 billion (–66%)

Agricultural economists note that farm bankruptcies are a lagging indicator, meaning that more filings are likely in 2026 even if commodity prices stabilize.  USDA forecasts further net farm income decline in 2026 (–2.6% in real terms), with farm production expenses rising to $477.7 billion.
Total farm debt surpassing $624.7 billion will push more producers past the point of viability.  The tariff environment is adding additional uncertainty, disrupting export markets and elevating input costs simultaneously.  The American Farm Bureau warns of a “generational downturn” not seen in severity since the 1980s farm crisis.

March 12, 2026

 

In Memoriam: Arthur Eugene ‘Gene’ Dewey, A Life of Service and Compassion

 Gene Dewey, who passed away on February 22nd, was one of the great humanitarian leaders of his generation, inspiring many people and managing to move food and relief supplies to needed areas over the course of several decades. He was also an institution builder, seeing the need for new organizations to lead and to train leaders.

His career spanned many of the global emergencies of the last 40 years, from Biafra in the 1960s to Sudan in the 1980s, to Rwanda in the 1990s, to Afghanistan in the 2000s.  While he attained senior levels in the UN and US Government, he never lost the common touch. He was affable and supportive of his colleagues and never stood on ceremony.

Throughout his distinguished career, Ambassador Dewey embodied an unwavering belief in the power of multilateral cooperation to address the world’s most pressing humanitarian crises. His conviction that international challenges required international solutions shaped his approach to diplomacy and refugee protection for more than four decades.

He is survived by his wife Priscilla, his daughter Elizabeth Parce Ainsworth, son in-law Anthony Ainsworth, and grand-daughter, Charlotte.

Arthur Eugene Dewey went by the name of “Gene.”  Testimonials contributed from his friends and colleagues for this obituary appear in the following.

  1. Gene’s Life and Mission

Born on February 18, 1933, in Pennsylvania, Gene grew up in a ministerial family that taught him values of service and compassion, which would define his life’s work.  Gene graduated from West Point Military Academy in 1956 and began a distinguished 25-year military career. After earning a Master of Science in Engineering from Princeton University in 1961, Gene deployed to Southeast Asia for two combat tours.  For his leadership during a multinational prisoner rescue operation in Cambodia, he earned the Distinguished Flying Cross and six additional air medals.

Philip Sargisson (UNHCR):  “Gene was a highly principled yet particularly warm human being. We worked together, traveled together and remained close friends.“

His advocacy for streamlined international aid structures and enhanced civil-military cooperation in humanitarian response reflected his belief that effective assistance required both strategic coordination and operational flexibility.  His vision influenced how the aid agencies respond to displacement crises today.

Betsy Lippman (State Dept):  “Gene Dewey was the ultimate humanitarian and a gentleman in the old style.  One of a kind.  He will be truly missed.”

II. Gene’s Leadership in Fighting Global Hunger

Gene fought malnutrition and hunger in numerous capacities, starting as a White House Fellow in 1968 when he was posted to USAID to coordinate civilian food aid for the Biafra famine (also known as the Nigerian Civil War), which was the first real-time, big night-time news crisis in Africa.

Susan Martin (Georgetown):  “I met Gene in 1981 when he had retired from the military and began working on refugee issues in the State Department.  He was largely responsible for shifting U.S. policy toward finding solutions for the famine in Ethiopia.”

Working at the U.S. Department of State Gene supported the response to the devastating Ethiopian famine of 1984-1985.  He played a pivotal role in convincing the UN Secretary-General to establish the UN Organization for Emergency Operations in Africa that responded to the regional famines across the Horn of Africa including the Ethiopia famine.

Margaret McKelvey (State Dept):  “I cannot count the number of times he [Gene] cited the UN Office of Emergency Operations in Africa work on famine across the continent in the mid 1980s as the UN’s finest hour.”

Angela Berry (UNHCR Nutritionist) met Gene in 1985:  “At that time, I had met many dignitaries. I assumed my list would disappear into some distant bureaucracy. To my astonishment, within weeks everything I had requested began to arrive – tents, blankets, therapeutic food, emergency kits – pouring in with a speed and coordination I had never seen. I knew it was Gene. … Knowing Gene was there, steadfast in his dedication, unwavering in his humanity, was a deep comfort to me and to so many others. Over the decades we continued to exchange messages, sharing concerns about neglected crises and places in need of attention. He always seemed like someone who would be with us forever.”

In 1993, Gene set up and led the Congressional Hunger Center (CHC), which was authorized by Congress in the wake of the dissolution of the House Select Committee on Hunger.  Working closely with Congressional representatives, Gene built up the CHC.    Drawing on his experience with the White House Fellows program, Gene led the CHC to provide two-year fellowships to dozens of young leaders to train fight hunger, working with UN agencies and NGOs.

Margaret Zeigler (CHC):  “He inspired a generation of young leaders who now work to make the world a better place – in the UN system, in the US government, private sector and in the humanitarian non-governmental organizations here and around the world. Gene always lifted up young leaders and especially believed in women, youth and those less advantaged. His favorite words were “we” and “us”.”

Ambassador and former Congressman, Tony Hall chaired the Committee on Hunger from Congress.  He remembers:  “Gene Dewey was one of the most decent and honorable man I’ve ever met.  He was always caring and working to help people who were hurting.”

In 1989 Gene was tapped to lead USAID’s new, unprecedented aid to the former Soviet states when the Soviet Union unraveled and brand, new countries were in need.  He pioneered new ways of providing aid to unconventional populations in Central Asia.  His partner in this effort, Don Krumm, remembers:  “He was a big-minded guy, energetic, and encouraging.  He was always there with positive bravo.  He liked audacity.  Gene kept the supply lines going in.  It was a chance, if we succeeded, to be on top of a transition to democracy.”

Margaret Zeigler explains “CHC still exists today, and is a private, bi-partisan center that keeps a focus in Congress on domestic and international hunger and humanitarian issues and galvanizes action.  It is where our teams established the Bill Emerson Hunger Fellowships and the Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellowships, programs that raise up the next generation of leaders working to end hunger in the United States and around the world.”

 III.  Gene’s Leadership in Refugee Assistance and Protection

While outside of government, during the Rwandan Refugee Crisis in 1995, Gene Dewey arranged, developed a five-point plan shared with the National Security Council and the U.S. President that helped facilitate the deployment of military assets to provide water supply in Goma and the refugee camps around Goma.

Later, as Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration from 2002 to 2005, Dewey oversaw the return of over four million Afghan refugees following the fall of the Taliban.  By mid-2002, approximately 1.6 million refugees had returned home, supported by U.S.-funded UNHCR programs providing transport, shelter, and reintegration assistance.  Dewey championed an innovative Program Secretariat Structure in Afghanistan that paired UN agencies with Afghan government ministries, creating accountability mechanisms while building local capacity. He also initiated the Afghan Conservation Corps, modeled on the U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps, to employ returnees in environmental and infrastructure projects.

      Susan Martin (Georgetown University):   “My most vivid memories of Gene were working with him when he was Deputy UN High Commissioner for Refugees. UNHCR had been pressured by some of its member states to do a better job in protecting the rights of refugee women and children. Some of the UNHCR staff saw the problems faced by women and girls to be social issues, not human rights issues. When I talked with Gene about it, he immediately brought a group of staff members together and let them know that UNHCR had an obligation to protect all refugees and they should cooperate with the efforts underway to address the many problems facing women and children. I will always be thankful for Gene’s support.”

At the Department of State, Gene encouraged Don Krumm  to pioneer early warning of refugee flows, such as in the Fergana Valley in Central Asia.  Don  (State) remembers:  “Gene was always encouraging new thinking.  He was one for pushing the envelope.   He and I got along so well because I would recommend going to the site of the problem, and he trusted me to do that.”

 Anne Richard (State}:  “When he became head of the refugee bureau at the State Department, the humanitarian community expressed huge relief….  He made his mark early on when his issued a fact-based report that defended UNFPA’s role with regard to China’s coercive one child policy. …    His leadership on refugee matters was respected throughout Washington, DC… While a friendly and avuncular figure, he never hesitated to critique humanitarian policies if he thought they were off-track.”

Gene negotiated the reopening of Vietnam’s Orderly Departure Program in 2004, allowing thousands of refugees to resettle safely.  He also advocated for Bhutanese refugees in Nepal and North Korean refugees in China, pressing for their recognition and protection under international law.

Globally, he advocated for “un-warehousing refugees” i.e., out of long-term artificial camps so they could actively participate in finding their own solutions.

Kelly Clements {UNHCR):  “He was known then as a man of conviction and determination to make the lives of others better with Africa a focus during his time at State Department and serving at UNHCR during the 1980’s pivotal adoption of the Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochinese Refugees and the CIREFCA process which provided a humanitarian framework to implement Cartagena protection principles and solutions in Central America. “

United Nations Leadership

Gene’s commitment to multilateralism and “burden sharing” among donors found its fullest expression during his tenure as UN Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees from 1986 to 1990. Based in Geneva, he served as the second-ranking official at UNHCR during a pivotal period of global displacement. His leadership helped strengthen the agency’s capacity to respond to refugee crises worldwide, and he championed the integration of protection principles into all humanitarian operations.

In this role, Gene worked to enhance coordination among UN agencies, NGOs, and national governments, recognizing that effective humanitarian response required seamless collaboration across institutional boundaries. His efforts to promote burden-sharing among nations and to elevate refugee protection on the international agenda left a lasting imprint on the global refugee system.

Margaret McKelvey (PRM):  “He was tenacious in his views and committed to multilateralism.”

Jan de Wilde (International Organization for Migration):  “Gene was a rare combination of the good and the practical.  Trust found an easy home in him.  His Christian faith was a quiet but driving force in his charitable works, at least as far as I could tell.”

Former U.S.  Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice reflected how Gene was devoted to a life of public service.  She called out his “belief that the world’s most difficult challenges require multilateral cooperation.  You represent the highest ideals of public service.”

Dr. Michel Gabaudan worked with Gene at UNHCR in Geneva.  He remembers Gene as “always extremely courteous and looking at how to solve problems, Gene always saw the individuals, and their suffering, behind the policies, or institutional politics that guided them, carried out by our offices. And he always calmly analyzed the broader context in which we operated, which he understood with discerning subtlety. Some 20 years later, when we met regularly during my stints in DC, Gene remained the same concerned, amiable and well informed person we had always known. A true humanitarian gentleman.”

Strategic Partnerships with International Organizations

From long and hard experience, Gene learned that the U.S. Government’s humanitarian efforts were most effective when conducted in partnership with established international organizations. He cultivated long and deep operational relationships with UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration.

In January 2002, Gene was appointed Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees, and Migration where he oversaw a humanitarian budget of over $700 million a year in refugee assistance that flowed through NGOs and international organizations.

Kelly Clements (UNHCR):  “We worked most closely together when he was Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration from 2002 to 2005 and I was Deputy Director of Policy and Resource Planning.  He argued forcefully for the U.S. to address significant humanitarian need from increased displacement in multiple parts of the world, including importantly in and around Afghanistan with senior department, White House, and Congressional leadership.  I remember in particular his first budget defense in front of then Deputy Secretary Robert Zoellick – neither were shrinking violets and it made a lasting impression on me at a young age. He carried the day and our robust budget request proceeded to the White House.”

IV. Charitable Initiatives and Enduring Legacy

Gene co-founded the nonprofit, USA for UNHCR, establishing an enduring bridge between American compassion and global refugee protection. His role as Director Emeritus of USA for IOM further amplified his influence on international migration policy.  In 2018, USA for UNHCR, established “the Gene Dewey Refugee Award” in his honor, recognizing individuals who demonstrate visionary leadership and extraordinary dedication to helping forcibly displaced people.   The award’s criteria, courage, selflessness, sacrifice, and humility, mirror Gene’s values.   Recipients include refugee-led organizations in Uganda to the Eleon Foundation providing therapy for Ukrainian refugee children in Poland.

Kelly Clements (UNHCR)  “While there are many Gene stories, the other piece of lasting advice I remember from our PRM days together is something often repeated now, with due credit to Gene.:  ‘there are no lessons learned, only lessons identified.’  We can all take that to heart.”

Eric Schwartz (State) remembers Gene as:  “a true humanitarian who was prepared to speak and lend his expertise without concern about which political party was in the White House. He will truly be missed. May his memory be a blessing.”

Encouragement of Others

Gene’s legacy lives on through the institutions he helped build and the countless lives transformed by his dedication. The award bearing his name continues to inspire new generations of humanitarian leaders, ensuring that his vision for a more compassionate world endures.

Betsy Lippman (State):    “Gene showed me the ropes.  How he used his discerning intelligence, diplomatic skills and knowledge were incredible to watch and learn from.  His passion and caring for the forcibly displaced was so clear and his drive to change their lives for the better and help them find solutions was always at work.”

Margaret Zeigler (CHC)  “First and foremost, in a town like Washington DC, where most people rarely share the limelight, Gene was radically different: he always created space for young people, like me, to get involved in everything he was working on”

Angela Berry (UNHCR) remembers Gene coming through with needed supplies when she reported her assessments.  “He simply told me to stay the course. After a month, he called me back to Headquarters. He never drew me into the immense politics of that mission; he asked only that I remain true to the technical and humanitarian purpose of the work.” 

John Buche (State):  “At my 90th birthday party, after the string quartet had played “Happy Birthday”, I asked Gene to say a “few words”.  Gene began with mentions of my college education, my army experience, my Foreign Service assignments, pointed out meeting me for the first time when I was in Zambia, continued with my assignments working together in PRM, and ended with recollections from our discussions at our luncheon get togethers in retirement. I felt so honored!”

Mukesh Kapilla (UK Government):  “He was a good man and in my dealings with him I found him sincere, serious and sympathetic in co-operating constructively even as global and American politics swirled around us.”

Following the news of Gene’s passing, many offered testimonials, as Bill Hyde (IOM) notes:  “Over the past days I’ve watched a cascade of emotion burst forth from decades of civil servants who were touched by Gene Dewey. Every person swiftly pulled up ‘a Gene moment’ – the time he listened when they needed it; the time he paused in his own busy life to guide them to do better; the time he reached out and amplified the effect of their efforts by easing a path. Many were surprised that a senior official like Gene even remembered them to offer help – but that’s exactly the kind of man he was. Gene didn’t need the praise, he simply wanted everyone to serve the best that they could. “

V. Recognition and Personal Life

Margaret McKelvey (State):  “A committed Christian, he often cited the Biblical verse “the truth shall set you free” – not as a theological statement but as an admonition to always give a complete and truthful assessment of a humanitarian situation along with a detailed “get well” plan.“

During his final year, Gene was still at work writing and corresponding and trying to educate the U.S. government about how to save lives, as in this letter to the editor in the Washington Post (May 2, 2025), titled A Missing Sense of Duty, wherein he recalled the USG’s success in 1985 in stopping measles deaths during the Ethiopian famine through vaccinations, and questioning the recent changes in US policy, writing:  “Where is that sense of duty for potential measles victims in America today?  Health leaders who plant unscientific doubts about vaccine safety need to be held accountable.”

A few weeks before his passing, Gene met for lunch with Don Krumm:  “he was looking incredibly spry.  He talked about emergency operations in Africa was a high-water mark in Africa.  We talked about old times.  He said he was working on some draft recommendations.  He was an exemplary person, driven to do good. “

Gene’s  contributions earned distinguished recognition, including the Distinguished Graduate Award from West Point in 2006 and the John W. Gardner Legacy of Leadership Award in 2011.

Angela Berry (UNHCR):  “Quiet. Kind. Sincere. Reflective. These are the qualities I will always associate with Gene Dewey. They are also the qualities that defined his extraordinary gift to the world and to all who had the privilege of knowing him.”

Bill Hyde (IOM):  “I recall a dozen times over the years when I would receive an unexpected note from Gene. Each would convey his awareness, his appreciation, his offer in some way to contribute. And then he would slip away again, asking neither thanks or focus. Only better service. That’s the definition of a humanitarian.”

Throughout his peripatetic humanitarian life, his wife Priscilla provided unwavering support, for which he expressed profound gratitude.

March 8, 2026

Further informaon about Gene Dewey:

To see Ambassador Dewey’s testimony to Congress about Haiti, see the March 3, 2004 CSpan Haiti testimony where he speaks 46 minutes in:  https://www.c-span.org/program/house-committee/political-crisis-in-haiti/197804

https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/mss/mfdip/2004/2004buc02/2004buc02.pdf

New Global Survey of Food Resilience, by the Economist

Economist Impact’s inaugural Resilient Food Systems Index (RFSI), supported by Cargill, benchmarks food system resilience across 60 countries using 71 indicators organized into four pillars:   affordability, availability, quality and safety, and climate risk responsiveness.

The accompanying new report, Resilient Food Systems Index: Global Report (Economist Impact, 2026)  delves deeper.

Portugal tops the rankings (76.83/100) as the most resilient country, with France and the UK close behind, while the Democratic Republic of Congo sits last at 34.86 — a 42-point gap that illustrates how unevenly resilience is distributed globally.  Critically, no country scores 80 or above, meaning even the most advanced food systems remain meaningfully exposed. Climate risk responsiveness is the weakest pillar overall, averaging just 56.43, and political commitment to mitigation and adaptation scores a dismal 34.03 globally. The affordability pillar looks deceptively healthy at 71.83, but masks the fact that in 62% of countries, the cheapest nutritious diet consumes roughly two-thirds of the poorest households’ income.

Income Shock Vulnerability.  In low and lower-middle-income countries, food constitutes a massive share of household spending.  The report states that prices in these nations have risen by 23.09% over the past five years. Unlike wealthier nations that can absorb price spikes or subsidize costs, households in countries like the DRC or Nigeria have no buffer. When resilience fails (due to climate or trade shocks), prices skyrocket, pushing basic staples out of reach and directly causing acute hunger.

The “Unaffordable” Healthy Diet.  The report introduces a critical metric: the cost of a healthy diet. In Sub-Saharan Africa, a healthy diet absorbs more than one-third of average income. For the worst-off countries, this figure is catastrophic. The report specifies that in 37 RFSI countries, the cheapest healthy diet costs about two-thirds of the average per capita income. This means that even when calories are available (staving off  starvation), malnutrition persists because nutrient-dense foods (fruits, vegetables, protein) are financially inaccessible.

The worst-off countries score lowest on the “Climate Risk Responsiveness” pillar, which has a global average of just 56.43.  Lack of Early Warning: These countries lack the mechanisms (early-warning systems, disaster reduction strategies) to anticipate shocks. When a drought or flood hits, it becomes a food availability crisis because there is no time to react.  Pests and Pathogens: With weak pest management (only a third of RFSI countries score high here), biological risks like disease and infestations decimate local yields. In countries like Uganda or Kenya, this directly reduces the food available for subsistence and local markets, eroding the availability pillar of food security.

Just 15 countries produce 70% of global food, and 11 of them are also top exporters. Yet none of these “anchor” countries score above 80.   Even the US, Brazil, China, and Australia—collectively producing 37.6% of global food—show weaknesses in climate risk, water stress, and infrastructure.

“The US… ranks 51st out of 60 countries on dietary diversity.”

Despite widespread market‑access support, farmers’ incomes are not rising.  “Annual growth in producer prices remains weak (averaging just 42.05).”  This suggests that productivity gains are not translating into livelihoods, especially for smallholders.  Farmers in countries like the DRC or Ethiopia struggle to get goods to market due to high transport costs and poor connectivity. Without income from their harvest, they cannot afford to buy food during the lean season, leading to seasonal hunger.  Financial Exclusion: Access to basic financial services scores just 51.53. Without savings or credit, a smallholder farmer in Tanzania or Rwanda cannot buy seeds or fertilizer after a bad harvest, perpetuating a cycle of low productivity and food insecurity.

While nearly all countries (97%) have policies for “agritech,” more than half under-invest in the cold-chain capacity needed to prevent food from spoiling before it reaches consumers.

Foundational Needs:  Digital tools are useless without basic enablers. For example, rural internet access and basic financial services (like savings accounts) remain “binding constraints” for smallholder farmers.

The timing is pointed.  The report lands as geopolitical fragmentation, climate volatility and inflationary pressures are simultaneously straining global supply chains.   The report also arrives as countries are submitting updated Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement framework, making its finding that agriculture-specific climate targets are nearly absent particularly timely and actionable. It reframes the conversation usefully: the problem is not a lack of innovation or ambition, but a failure to scale what already works. That framing matters because it points toward tractable policy levers rather than distant technological fixes.

About the author:  Economist Impact is a division of The Economist Group that combines evidence-based research  with the creativity of a media brand to inform, engage, and catalyze action on global issues. It partners with  NGOs, and governments, providing expertise in policy research, events, and data visualization, with a focus on sustainability, healthcare, and new globalization.

                                                                                  – S Hansch, WHES Board of Directors

Food Fortification Efficiently Prevents Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency

A new analysis of food fortification programs finds that the fortification of consumer foods is cost-effective in the majority of contexts in reducing deficiency diseases of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).  The findings are available online, as published by Elise Cogo, Ferruccio Pelone, et al in the new edition of the Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 156, Issue 4.

Called a systematic review, the study culled through existing databases to tease out the incremental cost-effectivneess ratios of fortification, by nutrient.  Fifty-six studies were used, drawing on over 200 analyses, covering 63 low or medium income countries.  Not included were biofortification, home fortification, probiotics or pills.

The authors explain, “Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) (conducted at the postharvest, food processing stage) is a system-level intervention defined as, ..deliberately increasing the content of essential micronutrients, i.e., vitamins and minerals (including trace elements), in a food so as to improve the nutritional quality of the food supply and to provide a public health benefit with minimal risk to health”.. Most frequent interventions were as follows: vitamin A, folic acid, iron, and iodine added to cereal grains/products (e.g., flours), oils, and condiments (e.g., sugar, salt).”

The study focused primarily on cost-effectiveness rather than directly measuring health outcomes, but key health benefits are embedded in how cost-effectiveness was calculated.  The key findings include that 84% of analyses found fortification costs less than $1,000 per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted (per healthy year of life gained or death prevented) and 58% cost less than $150 per healthy year gained. These are considered very favorable numbers.

Specific nutrients and conditions addressed by the studies included vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency and anemia, iodine deficiency, neural tube birth defects (linked to folic acid), and conditions like goiter and encephalopathy.

See:  “Cost-Effectiveness of Food Fortification for Reducing Global Malnutrition: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluations Across 63 Countries”, Journal of Nutrition https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316626000301?via%3Dihub

Threat of Child Malnutrition in Iran Amid U.S.–Iran Conflict

The U.S.–Iran war that began today, 28 February 2026, threatens to sharply worsen malnutrition among children under five in low-income urban neighborhoods of strike zones (Tehran, Isfahan, Kermanshah) and in rural border provinces (e.g., Sistan-Baluchestan and Kurdistan) that already experience high malnutrition rates.

Iran, with a total population of 93 million people, has 7 ½ million children under five years of age, which is more children than Germany, the UK, Canada, Iraq, Syria, Italy, Turkey, or France.

Over the last few decades the occurrence of childhood stunting (a form of long-term malnutrition) and of wasting (short-term) malnutrition have declined in Iran, reflected by the government’s attention to treating malnutrition.   However, studies in southern Iran from 2018 to 2023 show a significant increase in underweight and wasting among young children, with the annual % change of severe wasting increasing by 8.9%.  Nationally, the rate of wasting has averaged 4.2%, which is medium for regional and peer countries.  Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) manages child malnutrition programs through primary healthcare centers, hospitals, and nutrition initiatives.  Treatment follows protocols similar to WHO/UNICEF guidelines for community-based management of acute malnutrition, which emphasize outpatient therapeutic care using Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) for severe malnutrition.

The most widespread micronutrient deficiency diseases in Iran include vitamin D (rickets), iron (anemia), vitamin A, and zinc deficiency.  Iran addresses these through national programs (e.g., supplementation, fortification of foods like flour with iron/folate, salt iodization, and targeted UNICEF-supported interventions in high-risk provinces), but challenges persist due to economic factors, dietary habits, and regional disparities.

Even before the current war threats, Iran’s food economy was struggling under the weight of international sanctions and mismanagement.  The conflict will further reduce Iranian families’ ability to afford food.  In fact, the protests that broke out in December 2025 were in part over increased food prices after the rial plunged against the U.S. dollar.   There has been criticism by Iranians that their government has failed to present a clear emergency response plan, leaving citizens to fend for themselves. 

Iran produces much of its own wheat, dates, barley, rice, pistachios, walnuts, citrus fruits, and saffron.  It imports rice, cooking oils, soybeans, sugar, tea, and dairy.  The fighting will disrupt Iran’s ability to import food commodities, tightening supply.  Agricultural supply chains, transportation networks, storage facilities, and water infrastructure are all vulnerable.  Damaged roads and ports will impede food distribution across the country.

Urban bombardment now underway in Tehran and other major cities will displace families.  Reuters today reports that Iranians have fled cities in search of safety, rushed to stock up on food, and formed long queues at fuel stations as attacks by the United States and Israel spread fear and panic throughout the country.  Iranian government messages have explicitly encouraged people to leave Tehran and other targeted cities to avoid attacks.  This kind of internal displacement typically leads to overcrowded towns, strain on services, and informal settlements on the periphery of safer cities.

Internally displaced populations lose access to stable food sources, income, and caregiving routines.  Young children are disproportionately harmed by the disruption of feeding practices and by unhygienic displacement conditions that compound malnutrition with infectious disease.

Iran is known as a country that takes care of refugees.  Estimates vary, but UNHCR and other agencies report roughly some 3.8 million refugees and people in refugee-like situations in Iran as of 2025, overwhelmingly from Afghanistan and a smaller number from Iraq and other countries.

Iran has been prone to disasters due to large earthquakes and famines.  As well, in February 1972, a week-long series of storms  brought up to 26 feet (8 meters) of snow in rural areas of western Iran which buried over 200 villages, killing thousands.

Iran also suffered severe famines in 1870-72 and during the First and Second World Wars.  The most recent UN Food and Agriculture Organization report about Iran (November 2025) notes that persistent dry weather has hampered winter wheat plantings, leading to an estimated cereal production nearly 10% below the five-year average in 2025.  It found that wheat prices in Tehran had risen 50% and rice prices had tripled, compared to the previous year.

Iran has a fairly extensive domestic social protection system by regional standards, though it has faced significant strains in recent years.  The Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (IKRC) is one of the largest non-governmental charitable organizations in the world by some measures. It operates under government supervision and provides cash transfers, food assistance, healthcare subsidies, and vocational training to millions of low-income Iranians. It draws on religious endowments (waqf) and public donations alongside state funding.   The State Welfare Organization (SWO) handles a broader range of social services including disability support, elderly care, and assistance for vulnerable families.

International aid agencies help Iran in disasters, including the Red Cross.  The national Red Crescent society of Iran, part of the global IFRC network, has deep roots in domestic disaster relief, rescue, and healthcare operations.  The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has been working in Iran since the late 1970s.  The ICRC provides humanitarian services related to conflict-affected populations, health, and protection.

Médecins Sans Frontières (also known as Doctors without Borders) has been operating health programs in Iran.  Many other international NGOs have been hesitant to work in Iran, where the government distrusts Western organizations.  An exception has been Relief International (RI), which was founded in 1990 following the catastrophic Manjil–Rudbar earthquake in northern Iran.

The convergence of active conflict, pre-existing economic strain, and disrupted supply chains creates a compounding crisis for Iran’s most vulnerable — particularly children under five.  International humanitarian organizations face their own obstacles operating in Iran, given longstanding government suspicion of Western NGOs. The children most at risk — those in strike zones like Tehran and Isfahan, and those in already-malnourished border provinces like Sistan-Baluchestan — are precisely the populations least able to weather further disruption to food access, clean water, and caregiving. Without rapid and coordinated humanitarian response, the malnutrition crisis that predates this conflict will deepen sharply, with consequences that will outlast the fighting itself.

 

 

 

 

 

Low Height-for-Age Malnutrition Examined in the North of Rwanda

A study published this month, February 2026, about long-term malnutrition, measured by the degree of a child’s stunting (low height for age) in Rwanda found that despite economic progress, low growth rates were found in 27% of children in northern areas.

The authors note that “In addition to food deficit linked to poverty, stunting is associated with factors like inadequate diets, poor sanitation and hygiene, inadequate maternal and childcare practices, polluted water sources, limited healthcare access, low maternal education, and limited socio-economic opportunities.”

The authors set out to evaluate the how well geographically-weighted logistic regression (GWLR) enhances the understanding of spatially varying risk factors for malnutrition.

the authors found that key interventions such as vitamin A tablets or deworming medicine were, unexpectedly, associated with greater stunting.  Maternal autonomy was preventive of stunting.  “At the household and community level, the presence of a handwashing facility near the toilet and household electricity access were consistently associated with lower odds of stunting.”

The authors demonstrate that the patterns and causes of malnutrition and hunger vary within countries for a range of reasons, including livelihoods, terrain and local customs.  Therefore, “localised interventions should be prioritized to address specific needs identified in geographically distinct clusters, optimizing resource allocation and intervention effectiveness.”

See  “Spatial heterogeneity and spatially varying determinants of childhood stunting in Northern Rwanda: A cross-sectional study to inform targeted interventions” by Kagoyire, Ndagijimana et al, from the Universities of Lund and Umea Sweden.

Another review of this is found at:  https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/science-environment/3817025-why-children-in-northern-rwanda-are-still-stunted-despite-green-fields

Concern for Sudan

World Hunger Education Service made its annual anti-hunger award, including our recommendation and a cash grant to Concern Worldwide for its food and nutrition assistance in the worst famine crisis in the world, The Sudan, where it manages health clinics, case finding of children with malnutrition and building household resilience amid an intractable civil war. Their operations reach nearly half a million people across several states, including West and Central Darfur, West and South Kordofan, and the Red Sea State.  Concern Worldwide has been operating in Sudan since 1985, with programs adapted to address the ongoing humanitarian crisis stemming from the conflict that escalated in April 2023.

Concern’s assistance in the last year included over 11 tons of medical items and 56 metric tonnes of pharmaceuticals and equipment in recent deliveries.   Nutrition programs include distributing 11 tons of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) to treat childhood malnutrition, addressing the loss of Sudan’s domestic RUTF production capacity due to conflict damage. Overall, nearly 480,000 people received support through these health and nutrition efforts in the first 10 months of 2025, with programs continuing into 2026 amid funding shortfalls highlighted by Concern’s leadership.

To mitigate long-term impacts like poverty, Concern integrates food security, livelihoods support, nutrition, WASH, and disaster risk reduction.  Their aid includes agricultural training, provision of inputs, and village savings and loan associations in Kordofan communities, adapted to the conflict environment. These programs aim to build resilience while addressing immediate needs from the crisis, which has left over 24 million people in Sudan requiring aid.   In 2024, Concern treated 8,312 children for severe acute malnutrition (SAM).  In addition, in 2024, over 12,000 individuals received in-kind food assistance, and 5,875 households were provided with multi-purpose cash assistance totaling approximately €1.2 million.

Concern Worldwide began in 1968, when a small group of Irish volunteers launched an emergency response to the famine in Biafra, Nigeria.  Today, Concern reaches over 30 million people in emergencies.

See:    https://www.concern.net/what-we-do/health-and-nutrition

See Hunger Notes’ previous interview with Dominic MacSorley, former CEO of Concern at:  https://www.worldhunger.org/interview-with-dominic-macsorley-former-ceo-of-concern-worldwide/

Donations from the US can go to:  https://concernusa.org/

https://concernusa.org/search-results/?q=sudan&page=1

HOPE in Gaza

Project HOPE is the recipient of a donation by the World Hunger Education Service (WHES), a non-profit dedicated to educating the public about solving hunger which selected Project Hope to highlight and affirm its excellent work providing recovery foods for malnourished children in Gaza.

Project HOPE supports nutrition through its seven health clinics across Gaza, helping to reach tens of thousands of children with wasting (“acute”) malnutrition, which carries a high risk of death.   Gaza has been prone to increased prevalence of malnutrition over the last year or more as food imports and aid from outside, and movement/ distribution within Gaza have been blocked.  The highest prevalence of malnutrition has been measured in Gaza City.

Since the October 2025 ceasefire took effect, Gaza has experienced a partial recovery in market activity and food availability across Gaza, but supply shortages, cash-flow constraints, damaged infrastructure, and limited local production continue to hamper both supply and access. Food prices remain far above pre-conflict levels, with many basic commodities costing up to 200% more than before the fighting began. As a result, many households still struggle to afford a diverse diet, with consumption generally limited to staple cereals and pulses while meat, fresh produce, and other nutrient-rich foods remain largely out of reach.

From July 2024 to November 2025, Project HOPE screened 158,884 people for malnutrition, particularly focusing on children under five years of age and pregnant or breastfeeding women.   They provide High Energy Biscuits (HEB), Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF), rapid rehydration, and case management for those suffering from malnutrition.  RUTF is a food optimized to save the lives of young children who are severely malnourished.  They also have provided Psychological First Aid to 18,000 people. and distributed over 2 million liters of potable water.

In Gaza, they operate health clinics in Khan Younis, Gaza City, and Deir al-Balah, providing an average of 1,170 medical consultations a day.  Because of their work in Gaza, World Hunger Education Service has granted them an award of $2,500 and recommendation to the public.

Supplies of RUTF are trucked via convoys into Gaza via roughly five border crossing points as palletized cargo.  Once inside Gaza, supplies are moved along major routes such as the Philadelphi Corridor and Al Rashid Rd to approximately 23 treatment sites.

Project HOPE is an international non-profit established in 1958.  Operating with public support for over 68 years, Project Hope strengthens health systems, combats infectious diseases and deploys emergency response and nutrition teams in crisis zones to provide humanitarian aid.  In severe crisis settings (e.g., conflict in Ethiopia, displacement in Gaza and Ukraine), Project HOPE’s emergency response includes clinical care and nutritional support for populations facing acute shortages.  They also work with communities and health workers about how to prevent waterborne illnesses like cholera and diarrheal disease.

For much of its history Project HOPE was known for its hospital ship which inspired people to choose careers in foreign aid.  Its flagship was originally the USS Consolation, which operated during the Korean war and then converted with 230 beds into a civilian aid ship.  Project Hope pioneered the concept of the first peacetime hospital ship operating the S.S. Hope for 14 years. For every American doctor or nurse on board, there was a local professional counterpart.   It traveled to many countries including Southeast Asia and South America.  Today they work in more than 25 countries across Africa, the Americas, Asia/Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East.

Similar to its work in Gaza, Project HOPE had been a lead US NGOs also responding Ukraine and Lebanon.  In Ukraine, the team operates mobile medical units, reconstructs health and social facilities, trains health workers, provides extensive mental health and psychosocial support, and more. In Lebanon, Project HOPE has been working around the clock to support urgent needs, including the distribution of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) supplies and shelter items to displacement sites, as well as procuring essential medicines and medical supplies for hospitals and primary health centers.

See:  https://www.projecthope.org/

– WHES Board

“11.5: Edge of Life” Campaign Targets to Reduce Deaths from Severe Wasting Malnutrition

A new global initiative to treat children with severe, wasting (short term) malnutrition was announced this past week by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice President of the United Arab Emirates.  The global campaign is called “The 11.5:  Edge of Life Ramadan campaign”, referring to the common measurement criteria of 11 1/2 centimeters of arm circumference used by aid agencies to identify malnourished children who are most at risk of death.

Announced February 13, 2026, the campaign, under the aegis of the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Global Initiatives (MBRGI) organization, will support and work through UNICEF, Save the Children, Action Against Hunger and the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation.

The aim is to raise $270 million to meet the needs of five million children (out of 118 million malnourished children), and thereby save 2.6 million lives.

This continues Sheikh Mohammed’s tradition of launching annual humanitarian campaigns during Ramadan.  Previous campaigns include the 10 Million Meals campaign in 2020, the 100 Million Meals campaign in 2021,

and the 1 Billion Meals campaign in 2022.  A champion of humanitarian philanthropy, he had said “They hesitate, we move ahead. We are living proof that when human beings have the courage and commitment to transform a dream into reality, there is nothing that can stop them. Dubai is a living example of that.”

Review of “Channeling Cassandra”

Dennis King’s new monograph, Channeling Cassandra, draws on his over 35 years of experience managing information about international humanitarian disasters, including his creation of ReliefWeb.com and overseeing USAID and US Department of State humanitarian information systems.

Published by the National Intelligence University, the monograph makes the important insight that while there have been endless gigabytes of humanitarian data and publications about information management, there has been relatively little on analysis, or interpreting data, particularly how evidence is used to make decisions.

This book refers to food aid as part of the response to crises of varying severity, and in response to food insecurity driven by climate change.

King asserts that “a keystone for improving humanitarian response is understanding complexity.”  He gives examples of how analysis of humanitarian needs and options require a multi-disciplinary lens.  He writes, “The problem is rarely a lack of information; it is the inability of decision-makers to process complexity and the tendency to prioritize political expediency over humanitarian early warning.”

“Humanitarian crises are non-linear systems where small changes in one variable (like a grain price or a local skirmish) can lead to catastrophic system-wide failures.”

King cautions against causation bias and linear-logic fallacies.  He distinguishes between descriptive analysis of humanitarian emergencies, explanatory analysis, evaluation, comparisons, predictive esimation and anticipatory analysis.

He encourages analysts to consider black swan events that are rare and unanticipated (such as pandemics), gray rhinos that are probable, yet neglected threats; “boiling frogs” that are slow-simmering crises that build in scale and harm; and “Dragon Kings” that are first-time events such as nuclear weapons, transational cyber-shutdown, sea level rise or a solar storm.

He views complexity as a growing problem in part because of accelerating climate change.  “Climate disasters are occuring in unexpected locations.  2023 alone saw tropical storm-induced flooding in Libya; wildfires in Hawaii, Canada and Greece, floods in Niger, drought in the horse latitudes of South America and heat waves in Europe.  Most unresolved armed conflicts have been ongoing for more than 10 years” and have displaced generations of refugees and internally displaced persons.

King utilizes several historical and contemporary disasters to illustrate the “Intelligence-Policy Gap.”

One section reviews applications of technology including information and communication (ICT), Geospatial analysis from remote sensing, and newer applications of artificial intelligence.

He recounts the 2004 Indian Ocean tsnumi, the 2010 Haiti Earthquake, and civil wars in South Sudan and Syria.

He examines how the Ebola outbreak in west Africa that became a priority in 2014 had siloed intelligence and interpretation (medical vs. security) that inhibited a more unified response.

King fears that “the humanitarian ecosystem has not adapted to these threats, challenges and actors…  this has led many to proclaim the international humanitarian system is both broke and broken.”

His recommendations are to adapt to complexity (monitor and adapt), facilitate decision-making, enhance alternative analyses and understand that technology can often introduce more noise than signal.

– Hunger Notes board member Steven Hansch